Musk akataurazve zvine ushingi pakuburitswa kwe "Tesla Investor Day", "Ndipei $10 trillion, ndichagadzirisa dambudziko remagetsi akachena pasi rose." Pamusangano, Musk akazivisa "Master Plan" yake (Master Plan). Mune ramangwana, kuchengetwa kwemagetsi emabhatiri kuchasvika 240 terawatts (TWH), simba rinogona kudzokororwa 30 terawatts (TWH), chizvarwa chinotevera chemitengo yekuunganidza mota yakaderedzwa ne50%, hydrogen yekutsiva marasha zvachose uye nhevedzano yemafambiro makuru. Pakati pavo, chakakonzera gakava guru pakati pevashandi vepaindaneti vemuno ndechekuti Musk akatimota yemagineti inogara iripoyechizvarwa chinotevera chemotokari dzemagetsi hadzizove nevhu risingawanzoonekwi.
Nyaya huru iri kutaurwa nevashandisi vemakomputa ndeye rare earths. Nekuti rare earths inzvimbo yakakosha yekutengesera kunze kwenyika muChina, China ndiyo inotumira kunze kwenyika rare earths yakawanda kupfuura dzimwe dzose. Mumusika we rare earth pasi rose, shanduko mukudiwa kwezvinhu zvichakanganisa chinzvimbo che rare earths. Vashandisi vemakomputa vari kunetseka kuti kutaura kwaMusk kwekuti chizvarwa chinotevera chemagetsi emagetsi asingazoshandisi rare earths kuchaita sei pa rare earths.
Kuti izvi zvijeke, mubvunzo uyu unofanira kutsanangurwa zvishoma. Chekutanga, ndeapi ma "rare earths" anoshandiswa; chechipiri, kuti ma "rare earths" anoshandiswa angangoita sei?mota dzemagineti dzinogara kwenguva refusechikamu chehuwandu hwese hunodiwa; uye chechitatu, ingani nzvimbo iripo yekuti ivhu risingawanzoonekwi ritsiviwe.
Kutanga, ngatitarisei mubvunzo wekutanga, ma "rare earths" anoshandiswa kupi?
Mavhu asingawanzoonekwi anowanikwa zvishoma, uye mushure mekucherwa, anogadziriswa kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingawanzoonekwi. Kudiwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: zvinhu zvechinyakare nezvitsva.
Mashandisirwo echinyakare anosanganisira indasitiri yesimbi, indasitiri yemafuta, magirazi neceramics, kurima, minda yemicheka midiki nemauto, nezvimwewo. Muminda yezvinhu zvitsva, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi zvinowirirana nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemvura, zvakaita sezvinhu zvekuchengetedza hydrogen zvemabhatiri ekuchengetera hydrogen, zvinhu zvinopenya zvephosphors, zvinhu zvemagineti zvinogara zviripo zveNdFeB, zvinhu zvekupukuta zvemidziyo yekupukuta, zvinhu zvinogadzirisa zvekuchenesa gasi rinobuda muutsi.
Kushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzoonekwi kunogona kunzi kwakafara zvikuru uye, matura epasi rose epasi risingawanzoonekwi anongori mazana emamiriyoni ematani, uye China ine chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chazvo. Imhaka yekuti pasi risingawanzoonekwi rinobatsira uye harisi nyore ndiyo inoita kuti rive nehukuru hwakakura.
Chechipiri, ngatitarisei huwandu hwenyika dzisingawanzo shandiswa mumota dzemagineti dzinogara kwenguva refukuverenga huwandu hwese hwezvikumbiro
Kutaura chokwadi, chirevo ichi hachina kururama. Hazvina zvazvinoreva kutaura kuti ingani rare earths dzinoshandiswa mumamota emagineti anogara kwenguva refu. Rare earths dzinoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira mota dzePM, kwete sezvikamu zvekuchengetedza. Sezvo Musk achiti chizvarwa chitsva chemota yemagineti inogara kwenguva refu hachina rare earths, zvinoreva kuti Musk akawana tekinoroji kana zvinhu zvitsva zvinogona kutsiva rare earths kana zvasvika kune permanent magnet material. Saka, kuti zvive pachena, mubvunzo uyu unofanira kutaura, kuti ingani rare earths dzinoshandiswa pachikamu chepermanent magnet materials.
Sekureva kwedata raRoskill, muna 2020, zvinhu zvemagineti zve rare earth permanent ndizvo zvinonyanya kudiwa pasi rose nezvinhu zve rare earth mukushandiswa kuri kuitwa pasi rose, kusvika ku29%, zvinhu zve rare earth catalytic zvakaita 21%, zvinhu zvekupolisha zvakaita 13%, zvishandiso zvesimbi zvakaita 8%, zvishandiso zvegirazi re optical zvakaita 8%, zvishandiso zvemabhatiri zvakaita 7%, zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvakaita 14%, zvinosanganisira ceramics, makemikari nezvimwe zvinhu.
Zviri pachena kuti zvinhu zvemagineti zvinogara kwenguva refu ndizvo zvinonyanya kudiwa ne rare earths. Kana tikafunga nezvemamiriro chaiwo ekukura nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yemotokari itsva yesimba mumakore maviri apfuura, rare earth inoda zvinhu zvemagineti zvinogara kwenguva refu inofanira kunge yakadarika 30%. (Cherechedza: Parizvino, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumota dzemagineti dzinogara kwenguva refu dzemotokari itsva dzesimba zvese zvinhu zvemagineti zvinogara kwenguva refu)
Izvi zvinopa mhedziso yekuti kudiwa kwematombo asingawanzo kuwanikwa muzvinhu zvinogara zviripo zvine magineti kwakakwira zvikuru.
Mubvunzo wekupedzisira ndewekuti, ingani nzvimbo iripo yekuti pasi risingawanzoonekwi ritsiviwe?
Kana paine matekinoroji matsva kana zvinhu zvitsva zvinogona kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvemagineti echigarire, zvine musoro kufunga kuti zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandisa magineti echigarire erare earth, kunze kwemamota egineti echigarire, zvinogona kutsiviwa. Zvisinei, kukwanisa kutsiva hazvirevi kuti zvichatsiviwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kukosha kwekutengeserana kunofanirwa kutariswa kana zvasvika pakushandiswa chaiko. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuti tekinoroji itsva kana zvinhu zvichavandudza mashandiro echigadzirwa zvakadini uye nokudaro zvichizochinja kuita mari; kune rumwe rutivi, mutengo wetekinoroji itsva kana zvinhu zvirimo wakakwira kana wakaderera zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yegineti yechigarire yerare earth. Kana tekinoroji itsva kana zvinhu zvirimo zvine kukosha kwakanyanya kwekutengeserana kupfuura magineti echigarire erare earth ndipo pachagadzirwa imwe nzira yekutsiva yakazara.
Chiri pachena ndechekuti munzvimbo yeTesla yekutengesa zvinhu, kukosha kwekutengeserana kwechinhu ichi kwakakwira kupfuura kwezvinhu zvemagineti zvisingawanzoitiki zvenyika, zvikasadaro paisazova nechikonzero chekudyara mari muR&D. Nezvekuti tekinoroji itsva yaMusk kana zvinhu zvitsva zvine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana here, kana mhinduro idzi dzichigona kutevedzera uye kufarirwa. Izvi zvichatongwa zvichienderana nenguva iyo Musk akazadzisa vimbiso yake.
Kana mune ramangwana chirongwa chitsva ichi cheMusk chichienderana nemitemo yebhizinesi (kukosha kwakanyanya kwekutengeserana) uye chichigona kusimudzirwa, saka kudiwa kwenyika dzese kwenzvimbo dzisingawanzoonekwi kunofanira kuderedzwa ne30%. Ehe, kutsiva uku kuchatora maitiro, kwete kungobwaira kweziso. Maitiro ari mumusika kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma mukudiwa kwenyika dzese kwenzvimbo dzisingawanzoonekwi. Uye kudzikiswa kwe30% mukudiwa kuchava nemhedzisiro yakakura pakukosha kwenzvimbo dzisingawanzoonekwi.
Kukura kwehunyanzvi hwevanhu hakuchinjiki nemanzwiro avo uye kuda kwavo. Kunyangwe vanhu vachida kana kusada, vachibvuma kana kusada, tekinoroji inogara ichifambira mberi. Pane kuramba kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, zviri nani kubatana nechikwata chebudiriro yetekinoroji kuti vatungamirire mafambiro enguva.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-31-2023